Despite a long history of use in South Asia, kratom has not been approved for medical purposes in the United States. However, there are legal and illegal uses of kratom throughout the world. Some users report using kratom to alleviate pain, anxiety, and fatigue.
In addition to pain relief, users report experiencing an increase in energy and mood. Many kratom users also report experiencing relief from drug withdrawal symptoms. However, kratom is not without its risks. If you have any questions about kratom, it is a good idea to discuss the risks with your health care provider.
The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) supports research on kratom and other chemical compounds. Although NIDA is not involved in kratom treatment programs, the agency is currently conducting research on kratom and other related chemical compounds. The agency's research includes kratom's anti-addiction activities and effects on the central nervous system. Kratom interactions with other drugs is also being studied and is still ongoing.
When taking kratom, the alkaloids are believed to inhibit the CYP enzymes and impact the metabolism of drugs. This can affect the metabolism of parent drugs and illicit opioids. In addition, kratom may also increase the risk of toxicity from other drugs.
In addition, kratom has been associated with human fatalities. In a study from 2014, 9 deaths were linked to active metabolites found in kratom products. While contamination is not known, it is possible that kratom products have been contaminated with opioids such as heroin and codeine. In addition, the active metabolite of tramadol, known as 7-HMG, was identified in kratom products. In addition, kratom has been found to contain mitragynine, which is a compound that acts on the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin. In addition, mitragynine has been shown to increase reward behavior in animals.
While some kratom users report relief from drug cravings, other users report heightened anxiety and physical symptoms, such as sweating, tremors, and visual distortions. These symptoms may be present for several days after taking kratom. In addition, the psychological symptoms of withdrawal may linger even after the physical symptoms have cleared up. Some users report experiencing decreased symptoms by day four, while others may experience more symptoms.
Because of its effects on the brain, kratom is believed to have a greater affinity for the mu opioid receptor, which is a type of opioid receptor that is largely activated by G-protein coupled pathways. This type of receptor is primarily involved in opioid-like sedation effects. However, kratom also acts on the dopaminergic receptors, which are involved in the regulation of emotion, movement, learning, and decision making. These receptors are divided into dopamine D1, D2, D3, and D4 receptor subtypes. In addition, kratom has also been shown to increase the levels of noradrenaline. This is believed to be a factor in kratom's ability to alleviate pain.
In addition, kratom may be contaminated with fentanyl, which is a highly potent opioid. However, the toxicity associated with fentanyl is anecdotal. Several case reports have linked fentanyl to kratom-related deaths. There are no known antidotes for kratom intoxication.
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