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Sunday Emmanuel

@sundayemmanuel · 03 Feb 2022

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Forest | Definition, types, importance, management, & Examples-yoo.rs.com

A forest is a complex ecological community, which consists mainly of trees that buffer the earth and supports countless numbers of life forms( both plants and animals). Forests develop in areas where the average temperature is above 10°C during the warmest month and rainfall exceeds 200mm annually.

Forest can be defined as a large area of land covered with trees and bushes, either growing wild or planted for some purposes, while forestry is the art of planting, tending, and managing Forest, including the utilization of their products.
The plant provides a canopy that protects and shelters the soil from the impact of raindrops, thereby reducing soil erosion. The roots of plants and trees also help hold the soil in place and leave around trees allowing the soil to absorb water, which prevents runoff. Dead plants also decompose into humus which enriches the soil and is absorbed by Nitrobacter and Nitrosomonas which complete the nitrogen cycle thereby aiding the ecosystem.

The animals spread seeds across the forest by swallowing fruits there, aiding the growth of a new generation of trees, which also helps in increasing the ecological diversity of the forest.

Types of Forest

There are mainly three types of Forest;

Tropical Forests: The tropical forest is found between latitudes 23.5° N and 23.5° S. The rate of temperatures in these forests range between 68°F and 77°F throughout the year. A tropical forest is a type of forest found in a region with high regular rainfall and no more than two months of low rainfall, and consisting of a completely closed canopy or shield of trees that prevent penetration of sunlight to the ground and discourages ground-cover growth. The sun hardly reaches the lower levels of the forest, because of the thick and broad leaves.in most regions, it is well developed and it helps a lot.

Subtropical forests: These forests are in areas outside of the strict equatorial area but either within or bordering the tropical zone and have more apparent seasonal changes. Subtropical forests serve an important function as a winter home for migratory wildlife like monarch butterflies.

Boreal Forests: This type of forest is also known as Taiga forests, Boreal forests are located between latitudes 50° and 60° N. This kind of forest can be found in Siberia, Canada, Northern Asia, and Scandinavia. It is worth noting that about 65 percent of the boreal forests are found in Scandinavia. Boreal forests are full of life that’s adapted to withstand frigid temperatures year-round, such as caribou reindeer, or animals that can migrate far distances every winter.

Common Forest Trees

Common trees usually found in the forest are iroko, obeche, mahogany, beech, Sapele, Ebony, camwood, opepe, Afara, Treat, Abura, etc.

Importance or uses of the Forest

Forest is very important for several reasons. The government needs to encourage the planting of trees because of their usefulness in the following ways.

Provision of food: Forests including Savannah provide food such as fruits, bush meat, vegetables, etc.

Position of fuel: dead Forest wood serves as firewood or a source of fuel used for cooking and other purposes.

Provision of medicinal herbs: the forest also provides medicinal herbs used by local healers and pharmaceutical industries.

Provision of Employment: Forest employs some people, e.g. Forest guides and those involved in lumbering.

Forest Serve as windbreak: Forest especially in the northern part such as a windbreak, thereby reducing the speed of the wind and controlling wind erosion and that is a reason why most people in the community try to plant trees in front of their houses on each side of their house.

Formation of rain: forests, because of their cold environment, help in the condensation of water vapor, resulting in the formation of rain.

Prevention of soil erosion: Forest heads absorb water splash on the soil and also due to vegetative cover, soil erosion is prevented. In this case, the forest is a big help in controlling soil erosion because in some areas it is a must for them to plant trees to prevent their community from the expansion of some holes that have been created by rain.

Addition of nutrients to the soil: Forest adds nutrients or improves the fertility of the soil through the decay of fallen trees because the fallen tree serves as a powerful organic fertilizer especially in areas that have been abandoned for a very long time.

Home of wild animals: Forests serve as the home of all wild animals like lions, tigers, antelope, rabbits, snakes, etc. The wild animals found in the zoo are mostly taken from the forest and this serves as a source of income for the government and other private reserves.

Forest serves as a tourist center: Forest, because of its beautiful scenery, does serve as a tourist center.

Provision of foreign exchange: forests provide foreign exchange earnings for the country through the export of timber and its by-products. It is transported from a region that does not how much timber but they need timber to do some various activities. Forests serve as foreign exchange in this aspect because of these transfers from one area to another area for the benefit of mankind.

Provision of timber: Forest provides timber for furniture and other domestics and in industrial construction. Almost everybody knows the purpose of using timber because it is not only for domestic use alone but it is used in some big industry that produces books and other products that can benefit mankind.

Provision of pulp: forests provide pulp used for tissue and paper making. It has some source of income and has improved education status at an earlier age because the knowledge of producing paper with the use of some components in the forest has been for him while it is still useful for human beings.

It beautifies the environment: forest trees planted around the home, industries, and offices help to beautify the environment. It is commonly used in some big companies that need the finest for their environment because Forest is the perfect beauty for them to be proud of their company and that is a reason why a scientist advises people to make Forest practice a must.

Reduces atmospheric pollution: Forest helps in the purification of the air by removing carbon dioxide and adding oxygen to the atmosphere during photosynthesis. Most of the time people like Forest because of the natural air that they feel when having discussions or feel like sleeping in their leisure time.

Source of raw materials: Forest provides raw materials such as gum, resins, ropes, dyes, fibers, rubber, palm produce, oil seeds for both domestic and industrial purposes.

Management of the forest

To ensure the continuous supply of the timber from the forest, the following management practices should be adopted:

Forest regulation: These are laws promulgated by the government in the form of the edict, decrees, and bye-laws to prevent people from exploiting or indiscriminate tapping Forest resources. These regulations, therefore, ensure the prevention of Forest resources.

Forest regulations include;
1. The Prohibition of bush burning
2. Ban on the indiscriminate cutting of timber trees.

3. Encouraging people to plant trees

4. Ban on a collection of leaves and firewood from the forests.

5. Ban on the cutting down of underaged trees

6. People are to obtain licenses to secure permission to enable them to cut down trees for human needs.

7. The felling quantity should be based on the number of Forest stands which must be determined before felling.

Selective Exploration: selective exploration is the process of cutting or harvesting only mature trees in a forest. It is a way of concentrating certain selected species of timber in the forest reserve. The system allows for the harvesting of older trees while the younger ones remain as cover to the surface of the forest and that is the reason why the study of Forest has been prepared for people that like it. Because, if it is not well studied we will not have some people that will be in the forest to monitor the replanting of trees so that we will not lack any by the time we need another set of trees for making wood.

Advantages of selective exploration

1. It ensures the concentration of selected species of timber in a forest

2. It protects the soil from erosion

3. It ensures the continuous supply of timber

4. It served as a revenue base for the government

5. It prevents indiscriminate felling of timber by giving licenses to sawmillers by the state forestry division.

6. It also prevents illegal felling of trees and farming by using Forest guides to police the forest.

7. Undesirable species of timber are eliminated by this method

Deforestation: deforestation is the continuous removal of forest stands(trees) either by Bush burning or indiscriminate felling without replacing them. Economic trees such as iroko, obeche, mahogany, etc are cut down so that they can be used for various purposes such as furniture like tables, chairs, doors, etc. Uncontrolled deforestation should never be allowed. The rate of deforestation should be reduced to the barest minimum because of its adverse effects.

Causes of deforestation
Deforestation can be caused by many reasons which include;

Unfavourable climatic factors: persistent and prolonged drought can lead to the death of Forest species. Also, wind blasts can destroy vegetation on its part.

Man's Farming Activities: man's farming activities can cause Forest destruction through the use of Forest land for crop production or grazing livestock, practicing bush fallowing, or shifting cultivation which progressively leads to deforestation because of the short fallow. Do not allow for sufficient Forest regeneration.

Timber exploitation: the practice of selective elimination of certain tree species in a natural forest causes deforestation. Also, the exploitation of timber for furniture, export, etc, can cause deforestation.

Mining/industrialization: forest trees are destroyed when the land is cleared for excavation for mining minerals. Also, petroleum exploration and siting of industries involve clearing of Forest.

Natural disaster: fire is the most serious problem to which forests are exposed, especially during the dry season. Bush burning is caused by fire used by farmers. Search fire May extend to the forest, thereby destroying tree species. Other natural disasters which can cause deforestation include Landslides, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and prolonged flooding.

Government policies: government inadvertently introduced policies that can encourage the felling of fuel woods and timber exploitation.

Effects or disadvantages of deforestation
1. Deforestation has some effects or disadvantages on the environment. These are;
2. Deforestation encourages or increases soil erosion

3. Deforestation leads to the loss of organic matter, resulting in the loss of soil fertility

4. Deforestation reduces the amount of rainfall in the area, or, it destroys watershed

5. Deforestation decreases soil moisture retention

6. Deforestation increases the leaching of plant nutrient

7. Deforestation destroys the microclimate and warms up the environment

8. Deforestation reduces the forest fauna (wildlife) population in the area concerned.

9. Deforestation may lead to desert encroachment as sand particles are more likely to drop in areas without trees

10. Deforestation depletes the supply of Forest produce (raw materials) to industry, e.g, timber

Regeneration: regeneration is the process of Forest regrowth after it has been exploited. It is a deliberate government policy in the restoration of deforested areas after exploitation to balance the ecosystem.

Types of regeneration
There are two main types of regeneration, These are;

Natural regeneration: a natural regeneration, there is a regrowth of new plants from Old stump. Under a favorable environment, there exists the growth and development of new trees or volunteer trees from stumps.

Artificial regeneration: This involves the natural planting of new forest seedlings in a deforested
area.in other words, forest trees are established deliberately in a plantation.

Advantages of natural regeneration
1. It is less expensive when compared with artificial regeneration
2. It does not require formal stages in plantation establishment
3. It brings about the stabilization of the natural ecosystem in the area of its establishment
4. It does not require special management skill

Afforestation: afforestation is the process of establishing Forest plantations in any area. It involves the complete removal of natural vegetation before planting New Forest species. It is popularly referred to as a tree-planting campaign in which two seedlings of trees are recommended to be planted to replace any plants affected. Early stages of afforestation May include taungya farming (which is the planting of trees and crops on the same piece of land) to maximize the use of land and protect seedlings.

Advantages of afforestation
Afforestation has many advantages but we will discuss a few here:
1. It leads to the addition of organic matter increasing soil fertility
2. It provides a regular supply of raw material, e.g, timber for industries
3. Which prevent desert encroachment
4. It increases the forest fauna (wildlife) in the area concerned
5. It builds up the microclimates and cools up the environment
6. It prevents the leaching of plant nutrient
7. It increases soil moisture retention
8. It increases the amount of rainfall in the area
9. It helps to build up the soil structure.

#forest #typeofforest
#tropicalforest
#subtropicalforest
#borealforest
#commonforesttrees
#importantorusesoftheforest
#managementoftheforest
#forestregulation
#selectiveexploration
#advantagesofselectiveexploration
#deforestation
#causesofdeforestation
#effectordisadvantagesofdeforestation
#regeneration
#typesofregeneration
#naturalregeneration
#artificialregeneration
#advantagesofnaturalregeneration
#afforestation
#advantagesofafforestation @Henkjan de Krijger

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WHAT IS BUSH FALLOWING? - fabioclass subject site

Forest | Definition, types, importance, management, & Examples-yoo.rs.com

Types of Forest

Common Forest Trees

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