John Coltrane and Jerry Garcia became improvising legends about their ability to mix musical elements on the fly. How the brain accomplishes such performance under pressure remains a mystery, although practice is increasingly believed to play a central role.

Skilled improvisers

In a study in the journal Psychology of Music, Columbia University researchers show that skilled improvisers are better than musicians with limited improvisation experience when distinguishing between chords that can be used interchangeably in a piece of music and chords that can't. Furthermore, when the improvisers recognized an chord that was unfit to be replaced, their brains showed a pattern of electrical activity that differs from non-improvising musicians.

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