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· 25 Dec 2021

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What are the causes of vertigo?

When the brain perceives that the world is spinning though environment is perfectly stable, this spinning sensation or feeling of being off balance is termed as vertigo. It is neither a disorder nor a disease itself but could be a possible symptom of certain health issues. It induces dizziness and gives an individual a sensation that he/she is whirling. A range of factors could lead to vertigo, the most prevalent of which is an inner ear disorder. It may feel like travel sickness, but it is not the same as dizziness. Let us understand what vertigo is and what are the causes of vertigo?

Types of vertigo
Vertigo is classified into two types:
• Peripheral vertigo: This type of vertigo is associated with the inner ear which helps body to control the sense of balance. It is most common type of vertigo diagnosed among majority of patients.
• Central vertigo: This type of vertigo arise as a result of brain injury or disease thus its roots directly connected with brain functioning. Possible reasons behind development of this vertigo could be viruses, brain cancer, serious head injuries, and hemorrhage.

Causes of Vertigo
Vertigo is commonly caused by an inner ear disease. Some of the most prevalent factors are as follows:
•    Benign paroxysmal positioning vertigo (BPPV): The most frequent cause of vertigo, BPPV is usually caused by a shift in the posture of the head. When laying down, seated, or rolling over in bed, individuals with BPPV frequently suffer vertigo.
•    Vestibular neuritis: It is an irritation of the vestibular nerve that can induce dizziness. Vestibular nerve impingement is related to Labyrinthitis but it does not affect hearing. People suffering with this illness may experience dizziness, vomiting, and impaired vision.
•    Cholesteatoma: A non - malignant skin development in the middle ear can form as a result of prolonged ear infections. This is known as Cholesteatoma, and it can cause headaches, vertigo, and loss of hearing.
•    Meniere's disease: It is a disorder in which fluids accumulate inside the ear, causing vertigo episodes. Ear ringing, intermittent hearing problems or a sensation of pressure in the ears may accompany Meniere's illness.
•    Labyrinthitis: It occurs when the labyrinth of the eardrum becomes inflamed and swollen. The vestibulocochlear neuron, which conveys signals to the brain about sounds, location, and head motion, is situated in the inner labyrinth. Headaches, ear discomfort, visual abnormalities, ringing, and hearing problems are common symptoms of Labyrinthitis.

Treatment options for vertigo
Treatment for vertigo might vary depending on the underlying reason. In many situations, vertigo resolves without the need for therapy. Some people require therapy, which may include:
•    Vestibular rehabilitation: It is a form of physical treatment that focuses on strengthening the sensory system. The semicircular system's role is to provide messages to the brain concerning head and body motions in relation to gravity. If the patient experiences recurring spells of vertigo, vestibular rehabilitation may be indicated. It aids in the training of the other organs to adapt for vertigo.
•    Medication: In rare circumstances, prescription may be administered to alleviate symptoms such as fatigue or dizziness caused by vertigo. Medications or steroids may decrease stiffness and heal infection if vertigo is induced by an inflammatory disease. Diuretics may be administered to treat Meniere's disease in order to alleviate pressure caused by fluid accumulation.
•    Canalith repositioning manoeuvres: These motions are used to shift calcium deposits from the canals into a central auditory chamber where they may be reabsorbed. Patients will most likely experience vertigo throughout the treatment when the canaliths shift. The motions can be guided by a doctor or physiotherapist. The motions are free from side effects.
•    Surgery: In rare circumstances, surgery may be required to treat vertigo. If vertigo is induced by a more significant medical condition, including a tumor or brain damage or spine, therapy for such conditions may assist to reduce the vertigo.

Note: The purpose of this article is to create general awareness among the readers. The information provided is not meant to be used for self-diagnosis or as a substitute to medical practitioner's recommendations. In case you find above stated symptoms in you or your known, kindly consult a physician or a specialist regarding diagnosis and treatment.

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